Invention Of The Oral Contraceptive

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Invention Of The Oral Contraceptive

In the late 1940s, Russell Marker, a professor of botany at the Pennsylvania State University, became interested in hormones that were naturally found in plants. He searched the Southwest examining the cactus but the quantity of hormones in these plants was very low. He read an obscure article by a Japanese scientist who described a yam that could be found in Mexico that had a high content of hormones. He traveled to Mexico and obtained permission to harvest several of the plants. He claims one was stolen overnight but went forward with his work and produced a progestin.

He brought the new substance back to the U.S. where the scientific community was less than receptive to his findings. Major companies such as G.D. Searle and Merck were already using animal sources to make their hormones, which prevented them from being able to cheaply manufacture sufficient quantities. Returning to Mexico, Marker formed a company called Syntex (Synthetic + Mexico), which was incorporated in January 1944. This small company commenced to produce hormones from the Mexican yam and sold the product to other pharmaceutical companies.

At the end of the first year, Marker approached the president of the company and wanted his share of the profits. He was told that there were no profits because they were reinvested into Syntex. Very upset, Marker turned his back on the venture and returned to relative obscurity at Penn State, never to gain much credit for his initial work.[3]

When Marker left Mexico, his work had to be recreated to keep Syntex going. Hungarian scientist, George Rosencrantz, was found in Cuba, where he had recently escaped the growing threat of Hitler and was appointed director of the firm. He reproduced Marker's work using fewer chemical steps and Syntex was on its way again. Carl Djerassi, a young Bulgarian chemist was hired as scientific director and a number of Mexican scientists were also added coming from the newly-born Institute of Chemistry from the top Mexican university UNAM. Among them was Luis E. Miramontes, aged 26, who was Djerassi's student at the time. On October 15, 1951, Miramontes hand wrote on his laboratory notebook his own new procedure for the synthesis of the progestin norethindrone. Norethindrone formed the basis of some of the most powerful progestins.[4]

At the Worcester Foundation for Experimental Biology in Shrewsbury, Massachusetts, Hudson Hoblin, Min Chueh Chang, Robert Kistner, and others, were doing work with hormones. They had in their possession two progestins, Northindrone (Syntex) and Northynodrel (G.D. Searle). Chang was working with rabbits and discovered that high doses of these progestins would shut down the ovaries and prevent ovulation. Margaret Sanger, a friend of Hudson Hoblin, along with Katherine Dexter McCormick visited the Worcester Foundation to discuss if there were any methods available for women to be able to plan their families. They apparently connected Dr. Chang's work and what they were discussing together. McCormick, whose fortune came from Cyrus McCormick's invention of the mechanical reaper, provided the research money for the Worcester Foundation to proceed.

After the animal studies were completed, the Worcester Foundation chose to use Searle's Northynodrel with an added estrogen to create the first pill. The first human use of oral contraceptives was in Puerto Rico, by patients of Edris Rice-Wray Carson. This formulation, Enovid, was introduced in the U.S. by G.D. Searle, who pioneered in marketing this concept. About a year later, Syntex licensed their version to Johnson & Johnson, which sold it as Ortho-Novuum. In 1964, Syntex started marketing Norinyl, which was the same product as Ortho-Novuum in a different dispenser.[5]

Though the Food and Drug Administration approved it for clinical use on May 9, 1960, it took various high-profile court cases, such as Poe v. Ullman and Griswold v. Connecticut, to make it available to all women of reproductive age. Today much smaller amounts of the hormones are used and the formulations are offered in a variety of configurations.

Cyclessa Birth Control Pill is the lowest estrogen dose birth control pill approved by the FDA. Most low-dose oral contraceptives have daily estrogen levels of 30-35 micrograms. Even with its reduced estrogen dose, Cyclessa Birth Control Pill allows women to maintain excellent cycle control and benefit from the contraceptive reliability associated with oral contraceptives.

OrthoEvra-Patch Birth Control Patch is a weekly contraceptive which releases two hormones, oestrogen and progestogen into the bloodstream through the skin. Like the combined birth control contraceptive pill tOrthoEvra-Patch Birth Control Patch stops the ovaries from releasing an egg for fertilisation every month. The OrthoEvra-Patch Birth Control Patch also thickens the mucus around the cervix, which makes it difficult for sperm to get into the womb.

OrthoTriCyclen Oral Contraceptive Pill contains norgestimate progestin. Norgestimate has very little androgenic activity and may be less likely to cause unpleasant side effects among its users. What's more, OrthoTriCyclen Oral Contraceptive Pill helps you take the right birth control pill day after day.

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